T-1528; Case’s Inlet, from its Head to Herron Island and Pickering Passage, Puget Sound, 1879-80

Metadata:

Identification_Information
Data_Quality_Information
Spatial_Reference_Information
Distribution_Information
Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Puget Sound River History Project

Originator: Department of Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351310

Originator: Seattle, WA 98195

Publication_Date: 10/01/03

Title: T-1528; Case’s Inlet, from its Head to Herron Island and Pickering Passage, Puget Sound, 1879-80

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map

Abstract:

Georeferenced United States Coast & Geodetic Survey Topographic Sheet T-1528; Case’s Inlet, from its Head to Herron Island and Pickering Passage, Puget Sound, 1879-80; Scale: 1:20,000; Surveyor: E. Ellicott

Supplemental_Information: For a comprehensive historical and technical review of the production and interpretation of early Coast & Geodetic Survey T-sheets please refer to Shalowitz, A.L. 1964. Shore and Sea Boundaries, Volumes 2. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, DC. This publication is available online at http://chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov/hsd/shallow.htm

Time_Period_of_Content: 1879-80

Time_Period_Information: 1879-80

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 1879-80

Currentness_Reference: 1879-80

Status:

Progress: Complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword: T-sheets

Theme_Keyword: Coastal Survey

Theme_Keyword: Land Cover

Theme_Keyword: Historical

Theme_Keyword: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey

Place:

Place_Keyword: Washington State

Place_Keyword: Puget Sound

Stratum:

Stratum_Keyword: Near Shore

Stratum_Keyword: Coast

Temporal:

Temporal_Keyword: 1879-80

Access_Constraints:

This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.

http://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu

Use_Constraints:

This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.

http://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Brian Collins, Amir Sheikh

Contact_Organization:

Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: Department of Earth and Space Sciences

Address: Box 351310

Address: University of Washington

City: Seattle

State_or_Province: WA

Postal_Code: 98195

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 616-6584

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (206) 543-0489

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bcollins@u.washington.edu

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: asheikh@u.washington.edu

Data_Quality_Information:

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: 12 meters (using 3 reliable benchmarks)

To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, benchmarks located on the T-sheets were compared to published NGS benchmarks that were retraceable to the time of the surveyed T-sheet. (Published NGS benchmark information is located at http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/datasheet.prl). Only benchmarks that could be established with a high degree of certainty that existed at the time of the original T-sheet survey and were not remounted were used in the final accuracy measurement. If no current benchmarks exist or if the benchmarks have been remounted in relation to the benchmarks on the T-sheet, hard points (areas that would expect little change since the original surveys) were used to give a general indicator of the T-sheet’s registration accuracy in lieu of a more rigorous method. Thus these hard point measurements must be viewed with some caution. It should be stressed that the accuracy assessment was to check the accuracy of the overall registration process, not necessarily the accuracy of the survey itself.

NOTE: Measured distances are rounded to the nearest meter. The hand-drawn representations of benchmarks on the T-sheets are often up to 10 meters in width. To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, the measured distance is from the NGS-published coordinates to the perceived middle of the benchmark depicted on the T-sheet. In addition, the overall shape of the benchmark symbol is sometimes obscured by other symbology on the T-sheet. Thus, there is a certain level of uncertainty introduced due to the ambiguous location of the benchmark on the T-sheet.

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Eighteen benchmarks were identified on the t-sheet with corresponding NGS datasheets, but only three of these were monumented prior to t-sheet production, so those three (BURN, FIR, NORTH DOUGAL) were used for the benchmark error assessment.

	Station Name	PID	Date Mon/Obs	Current Survey Control NAD83		Measured distance between T-sheet benchmark & NGS-published benchmark
	Station Name	PID	Date Mon/Obs	Current Survey Control NAD83
				Longitude	Latitude
1	NORTH DOUGAL	SY3411	1878	122 50 59.58961	47 18 05.50025	7.287685
2	FIR 1878	SY3322	1878	122 55 32.53174	47 14 10.96846	13.482048
3	BURN 1878	SY3346	1878	122 56 02.84595	47 14 05.97268	14.446156

Lineage:

Technician: Elizabeth Cassel Date: 10-22-03

Process_Step:

Process_Description: The georeferencing of T-sheets in the Puget Sound region was funded by the Puget Sound Nearshore Project (PSNERP) http://www.pugetsoundnearshore.org/

Scanned images were obtained from Information Manufacturing Corporation, 7000 Infantry Ridge Road, Suite 200, Manassas, VA 20109 Phone: (703) 393-6866

The methodology used to georeference the T-sheets was modified from the previous work of Jennifer Burke (NOAA) in the Lower Columbia and Daniels et al (2001). The georeferencing and error assessment process were carried out using Erdas Imagine 8.6 and ArcGIS 8.3. For additional information concerning the georeferencing method please refer to: http://rocky2.ess.washington.edu/riverhistory/tsheets.php

Datum Shift:

Most T-sheets do not have a current datum represented on them (i.e. NAD 27, NAD 83). Graticules (tics) marking Latitude and Longitude in the early local Puget Sound Datum (PSD) and a later update to North American Datum (NAD) projection are most often present. To calculate the X, Y shift from NAD to NAD 27, X and Y values were used from datum difference tables for survey stations around most of Puget Sound (Patton, 1999). An overall datum shift was determined for the area covered by the T-sheet by averaging the shift from a number of survey stations in or nearby that area represented on the T-sheet. Some areas, like this t-sheet, are not represented in Patton (1999), so the datum shift must be calculated from a larger number of stations further away from the sheet. This method has proved to produce approximately equal georeferencing error as using stations within the area of the t-sheet.

The following survey stations were used to calculate the datum shift:

Wash 2, 1921

Bos, 1905

Smelt, 1905

Dron, 1905

Gull, 1891

Brown, 1921

Neill, 3, 1921

Pine, 1921

Lakota, 1921

Registration:

For georeferencing, tics were used only surrounding areas that depicted nearshore features on the T-sheet. This was mainly done to hasten the overall process due to the magnitude of the scope of the project while maintaining the best control around areas of interest. The sheets were then rectified using a 1^st order polynomial transformation. Points that produced relatively high RMS values, as well as tic points that consistently fell outside of 10 meters (on a 1:20,000 scale T-sheet) of their projected UTM coordinates were omitted.

The following NAD tic marks were used for georeferencing the initial resample:

	Longitude		Latitude
	deg	min	deg	min
1	122	50	47	27
2	122	49	47	27
3	122	50	47	26
4	122	49	47	26
5	122	51	47	25
6	122	50	47	25
7	122	49	47	25
8	122	48	47	25
9	122	51	47	24
10	122	50	47	24
11	122	49	47	24
12	122	48	47	24
13	122	51	47	23
14	122	50	47	23
15	122	49	47	23
16	122	48	47	23
17	122	51	47	22
18	122	50	47	22
19	122	49	47	22
20	122	48	47	22
21	122	47	47	22
22	122	50	47	21
23	122	49	47	21
24	122	48	47	21
25	122	47	47	21
26	122	46	47	21
27	122	45	47	21
28	122	50	47	20
29	122	49	47	20
30	122	48	47	20
31	122	47	47	20
32	122	46	47	20
33	122	45	47	20
34	122	52	47	19
35	122	51	47	19
36	122	50	47	19
37	122	49	47	19
38	122	48	47	19
39	122	47	47	19
40	122	55	47	18
41	122	54	47	18
42	122	53	47	18
43	122	52	47	18
44	122	51	47	18
45	122	50	47	18
46	122	49	47	18
47	122	48	47	18
48	122	47	47	18
49	122	56	47	17
50	122	55	47	17
51	122	54	47	17
52	122	53	47	17
53	122	52	47	17
54	122	51	47	17
55	122	50	47	17
56	122	49	47	17
57	122	48	47	17
58	122	47	47	17
59	122	56	47	16
60	122	55	47	16
61	122	54	47	16
62	122	53	47	16
63	122	52	47	16
64	122	51	47	16
65	122	50	47	16
66	122	49	47	16
67	122	48	47	16
68	122	57	47	15
69	122	56	47	15
70	122	55	47	15
71	122	54	47	15
72	122	53	47	15
73	122	52	47	15
74	122	51	47	15
75	122	50	47	15
76	122	49	47	15
77	122	57	47	14
78	122	56	47	14
79	122	55	47	14
80	122	54	47	14
81	122	53	47	14
82	122	52	47	14
83	122	51	47	14

Five resamples were performed on this t-sheet to ensure the best fit possible. The first resample produced high error distances (over 10 m) and RMS errors of 0.003 on the following points: 1, 2, 17, 18, 26, 27, 33, 68, and 77. For the final resample, points 1, 2, 33, 68, and 77 were removed, which helped lower error distances, and all other problematic points were adjusted as well.

Several factors that can introduce error into the registration process include:

The accuracy of the graticules and projection lines drawn on the map.

Non-uniform shrinkage of the original map due to age and storage conditions.

Distortion caused by the scanning process.

Loss of resolution and distortion due to image compression.

Ability of the technician to identify appropriate survey stations that correspond to the area of the T-sheet to compute the datum shift.

Ability of the technician to identify and locate appropriate tics on the T-sheet for the transformation.

The geometric transformation method employed.

References:

Daniels, R. C. and R.H. Huxford. 2001. An error assessment of vector data derived from scanned National Ocean Service topographic sheets. Journal of Coastal Research 17: 611 – 619.

Patton, R.S., 1999. Datum Differences: Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coast of the United States. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington D.C. (Original publication: 1936)

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Planar:

Grid_Coordinate_System:

Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator

Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

UTM_Zone_Number: 10

Transverse_Mercator:

Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600

Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.000000

Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000

False_Easting: 500000.000000

False_Northing: 0.000000

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column

Coordinate_Representation:

Abscissa_Resolution: 3.000000

Ordinate_Resolution: 3.000000

Planar_Distance_Units: meters

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983

Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80

Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000

Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222

Distribution_Information:

Resource_Description: Downloadable Data

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20020723

Metadata_Contact: