T-2262; Tacoma and Vicinity, Washington, 1892

Metadata:

Identification_Information
Data_Quality_Information
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information
Spatial_Reference_Information
Distribution_Information
Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Puget Sound River History Project

Originator: Department of Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351310

Originator: Seattle, WA 98195

Publication_Date: 10/01/03

Title: T-2262; Tacoma and Vicinity, Washington, 1892

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map

Abstract:

Georeferenced United States Coast & Geodetic Survey Topographic Sheet T-2262; Tacoma and Vicinity, Washington, 1892; Scale: 1:10,000; Surveyor: J. F. Pratt

Supplemental_Information: For a comprehensive historical and technical review on the background of the production and interpretation of early Coast & Geodetic Survey T-sheets please refer to Shalowitz, A.L. 1964. Shore and Sea Boundaries, Volumes 2. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, DC. This publication is available online at https://chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov/hsd/shallow.htm

Time_Period_of_Content: 1892

Time_Period_Information: 1892

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 1892

Currentness_Reference: 1892

Status:

Progress: Complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword: T-sheets

Theme_Keyword: Coastal Survey

Theme_Keyword: Land Cover

Theme_Keyword: Historical

Theme_Keyword: Unite States Coast and Geodetic Survey

Place:

Place_Keyword: Washington State

Place_Keyword: Puget Sound

Stratum:

Stratum_Keyword: Near Shore

Stratum_Keyword: Coast

Temporal:

Temporal_Keyword: 1892

Access_Constraints:

This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.

Use_Constraints:

This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Brian Collins, Amir Sheikh

Contact_Organization:

Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: Department of Earth and Space Sciences

Address: Box 351310

Address: University of Washington

City: Seattle

State_or_Province: WA

Postal_Code: 98195

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 616-6584

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (206) 543-0489

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bcollins@u.washington.edu

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: asheikh@u.washington.edu

Data_Quality_Information:

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: 3 meters (using 3 reliable benchmarks)

To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, benchmarks located on the T-sheets were compared to published NGS benchmarks that were retraceable to the time of the surveyed T-sheet. (Published NGS benchmark information is located at https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/datasheet.prl). Only benchmarks that could be established with a high degree of certainty that existed at the time of the original T-sheet survey and were not remounted were used in the final accuracy measurement. If no current benchmarks exist or if the benchmarks have been remounted in relation to the benchmarks on the T-sheet, hard points (areas that would expect little change since the original surveys) were used to give a general indicator of the T-sheet’s registration accuracy in lieu of a more rigorous method. Thus these hard point measurements must be viewed with some caution. It should be stressed that the accuracy assessment was to check the accuracy of the overall registration process, not necessarily the accuracy of the survey itself.

NOTE: Measured distances are rounded to the nearest meter. The hand-drawn representations of benchmarks on the T-sheets are often up to 10 meters in width. To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, the measured distance is from the NGS-published coordinates to the perceived middle of the benchmark depicted on the T-sheet. In addition, the overall shape of the benchmark symbol is sometimes obscured by other symbology on the T-sheet. Thus, there is a certain level of uncertainty introduced due to the ambiguous location of the benchmark on the T-sheet.

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Nine possible benchmarks were identified on the t-sheet and in the NGS datasheets, but only three of these actually corresponded with benchmarks on the T-sheet. GULL and TACOMA ASTRONOMICAL STATION were monumented just prior to t-sheet production, and TACOMA CITY HALL has not changed position, but was only first recognized as an official benchmark (“OBSERVED”) in 1905, so they can all be used for the Horizontal Positional Accuracy measurement.

Benchmark PID DATE LONG LAT Measured distance between T-sheet benchmark & NGS-published benchmark

1	GULL	SY2672	1891	122 25 57.35830	47 17 50.85022	3.350023
2	TACOMA ASTRONOMIC STATION	SY2718	1892	122 26 54.58502	47 15 46.18646	2.000976
3	TACOMA CITY HALL	SY2694	OBS1905	122 26 23.40069	47 15 26.73746	3.064413

Lineage:

Technician: Elizabeth Cassel Date: 10-10-03

Process_Step:

Process_Description: The georeferencing of T-sheets in the Puget Sound region was funded by the Puget Sound Nearshore Project (PSNERP) https://www.pugetsoundnearshore.org/

Scanned images were obtained from Information Manufacturing Corporation, 7000 Infantry Ridge Road, Suite 200, Manassas, VA 20109 Phone: (703) 393-6866

The methodology used to georeference the T-sheets was modified from the previous work of Jen Burke (NOAA) in the Lower Columbia and Daniels et al (2001).

Datum Shift:

The following survey stations were used to calculate the datum shift:

SY3118	BOULDER
SY3039	GOLDSBOROUGH 1857
SY3413	KNOB 1878
SY3411	NORTH DOUGAL

Registration:

Most T-sheets do not have a current datum represented on them (i.e. NAD 27, NAD 83). Graticules (tics) marking Latitude and Longitude in the early local Puget Sound Datum (PSD) and a later update to North American Datum (NAD) projection are most often present. To calculate the X, Y shift from NAD to NAD 27, X and Y values were used from datum difference tables for survey stations around most of Puget Sound (Patton, 1999). However on some sheets, especially those in the Hood Canal area, the nearby survey stations are not shown in Patton (1999), or the sheet does not have any NAD tics added to it. For these sheets we use a list of survey stations with datum shifts from the PSD to NAD 83, prepared and provided to us by David Doyle from NGS. The datum shift is then determined for the area covered by the T-sheet by averaging the shift from a number of survey stations in or nearby that area represented on the T-sheet, and the PSD tics on the map are used for georeferencing.

The following PSD tic marks were used for georeferencing the initial resample:

	Longitude		Latitude
	deg	min	deg	min
1	122	26	47	18
2	122	25	47	18
3	122	24	47	18
4	122	28	47	17
5	122	27	47	17
6	122	26	47	17
7	122	25	47	17
8	122	24	47	17
9	122	29	47	16
10	122	28	47	16
11	122	27	47	16
12	122	26	47	16
13	122	25	47	16
14	122	24	47	16
15	122	27	47	15
16	122	26	47	15
17	122	25	47	15
18	122	24	47	15
19	122	27	47	14
20	122	26	47	14
21	122	25	47	14
22	122	24	47	14

Four different resamples were performed on this data. The RMS errors were all at or below 0.003 after the first resample, but a few points had error distances around 5 meters. Point 3 was removed for the second resample, but error distances on surrounding points only increased, so the point was replaced, and then Point 9 was removed, with a similar effect. So for the last resample, both points 3 and 9 were replaced and adjusted, which gave the best-fit results.

The image was then reprojected to UTM ZONE 10N NAD83/HARN using a rigorous transformation.

Several factors that can introduce error into the registration process include:

The accuracy of the graticules and projection lines drawn on the map.

Non-uniform shrinkage of the original map due to age and storage conditions.

Distortion caused by the scanning process.

Loss of resolution and distortion due to JPG compression.

Ability of the technician to identify appropriate survey stations that correspond to the area of the T-sheet to compute the datum shift.

Ability of the technician to identify and locate appropriate tics on the T-sheet for the transformation.

The geometric transformation method employed.

References:

Daniels, R. C. and R.H. Huxford. 2001. An error assessment of vector data derived from scanned National Ocean Service topographic sheets. Journal of Coastal Research 17: 611 – 619.

Patton, R.S., 1999. Datum Differences: Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coast of the United States. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington D.C. (Original publication: 1936)

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Planar:

Grid_Coordinate_System:

Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator

Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

UTM_Zone_Number: 10

Transverse_Mercator:

Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600

Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.000000

Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000

False_Easting: 500000.000000

False_Northing: 0.000000

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column

Coordinate_Representation:

Abscissa_Resolution: 3.000000

Ordinate_Resolution: 3.000000

Planar_Distance_Units: meters

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983

Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80

Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000

Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222

Distribution_Information:

Resource_Description: Downloadable Data

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Transfer_Size: 24.630

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20020723

Metadata_Contact: