T-1556; Hood’s Canal, Port Gamble to Hazel Pt., Washington Territory, 1876

Metadata:

• Identification_Information
• Data_Quality_Information
• Spatial_Reference_Information
• Distribution_Information
• Metadata_Reference_Information

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Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Puget Sound River History Project

Originator: Department of Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351310

Originator: Seattle, WA 98195

Publication_Date: 10/01/03

Title: T-1556; Hood’s Canal, Port Gamble to Hazel Pt., Washington Territory, 1876

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map

Abstract:

Georeferenced United States Coast & Geodetic Survey Topographic Sheet T-1556; Hood’s Canal, Port Gamble to Hazel Pt., Washington Territory, 1876; Scale: 1:20,000; Surveyor: J. J. Gilbert

Supplemental_Information: For a comprehensive historical and technical review of the production and interpretation of early Coast & Geodetic Survey T-sheets please refer to Shalowitz, A.L. 1964. Shore and Sea Boundaries, Volumes 2. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, DC. This publication is available online at http://chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov/hsd/shallow.htm

Time_Period_of_Content: 1876

Time_Period_Information: 1876

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 1876

Currentness_Reference: 1876

Status:

Progress: Complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword: T-sheets

Theme_Keyword: Coastal Survey

Theme_Keyword: Land Cover

Theme_Keyword: Historical

Theme_Keyword: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey

Place:

Place_Keyword: Washington State

Place_Keyword: Puget Sound

Stratum:

Stratum_Keyword: Near Shore

Stratum_Keyword: Coast

Temporal:

Temporal_Keyword: 1876

Access_Constraints:

This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.

http://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu

Use_Constraints:

This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.

http://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Brian Collins, Amir Sheikh

Contact_Organization:

Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: Department of Earth and Space Sciences

Address: Box 351310

Address: University of Washington

City: Seattle

State_or_Province: WA

Postal_Code: 98195

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 616-6584

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (206) 543-0489

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bcollins@u.washington.edu

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: asheikh@u.washington.edu

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Data_Quality_Information:

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: 8 meters (using 1 reliable benchmark)

To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, benchmarks located on the T-sheets were compared to published NGS benchmarks that were retraceable to the time of the surveyed T-sheet. (Published NGS benchmark information is located at http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/datasheet.prl). Only benchmarks that could be established with a high degree of certainty that existed at the time of the original T-sheet survey and were not remounted were used in the final accuracy measurement. If no current benchmarks exist or if the benchmarks have been remounted in relation to the benchmarks on the T-sheet, hard points (areas that would expect little change since the original surveys) were used to give a general indicator of the T-sheet’s registration accuracy in lieu of a more rigorous method. Thus these hard point measurements must be viewed with some caution. It should be stressed that the accuracy assessment was to check the accuracy of the overall registration process, not necessarily the accuracy of the survey itself.

NOTE: Measured distances are rounded to the nearest meter. The hand-drawn representations of benchmarks on the T-sheets are often up to 10 meters in width. To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, the measured distance is from the NGS-published coordinates to the perceived middle of the benchmark depicted on the T-sheet. In addition, the overall shape of the benchmark symbol is sometimes obscured by other symbology on the T-sheet. Thus, there is a certain level of uncertainty introduced due to the ambiguous location of the benchmark on the T-sheet.

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

14 possible benchmarks were identified on the map and in the datasheets, but only three of these actually. One of these – ROCK ISLAND 1878 – is a hard point, and CHUTE 2 could have been remounted. Thus, the only benchmark that can be conclusively used for the error assessment is SISTER, which gives an error of 8 meters.

Benchmark PID LONG LAT Measured distance between T-sheet benchmark & NGS-published benchmark

**1	CHUTE 2	SY5470	122 46 54.78147	47 42 49.56727	23.061052
10	ROCK ISLAND 1878	SY5038	122 38 35.37610	47 51 55.12845	23.64229
11	SISTER	SY5017	122 38 30.071	47 51 31.02889	7.513908

Lineage:

Technician: Elizabeth Cassel Date: 8-11-03

Process_Step:

Process_Description: The georeferencing of T-sheets in the Puget Sound region was funded by the Puget Sound Nearshore Project (PSNERP) http://www.pugetsoundnearshore.org/

Scanned images were obtained from Information Manufacturing Corporation, 7000 Infantry Ridge Road, Suite 200, Manassas, VA 20109 Phone: (703) 393-6866

The methodology used to georeference the T-sheets was modified from the previous work of Jennifer Burke (NOAA) in the Lower Columbia and Daniels et al (2001). The georeferencing and error assessment process were carried out using Erdas Imagine 8.6 and ArcGIS 8.3. For additional information concerning the georeferencing method please refer to: http://rocky2.ess.washington.edu/riverhistory/tsheets.php

Datum Shift:

Most T-sheets do not have a current datum represented on them (i.e. NAD 27, NAD 83). Graticules (tics) marking Latitude and Longitude in the early local Puget Sound Datum (PSD) and a later update to North American Datum (NAD) projection are most often present. To calculate the X, Y shift from NAD to NAD 27, X and Y values were used from datum difference tables for survey stations around most of Puget Sound (Patton, 1999). However on some sheets, especially those in the Hood Canal area, the nearby survey stations are not shown in Patton (1999). For these sheets we use a list of survey stations with datum shifts from the PSD to NAD 83, prepared and provided to us by David Doyle from NGS. The datum shift is then determined for the area covered by the T-sheet by averaging the shift from a number of survey stations in or nearby that area represented on the T-sheet, and the PSD tics on the map are used for georeferencing.

The following survey stations were used to calculate the datum shift:

SY4985	BARNACLE 1856
SY5143	BOLIN
SY5145	BOULDER 1880
SY5562	BROAD SPIT 1878
SY5555	CEDAR 1878
SY5484	CHERRY 1878
SY5537	GRASS 1878
SY5438	JACKMAN
SY5501	LONE ROCK 1878
SY5571	LONG SPIT 1878
SY5106	LONGMIRE
SY5548	PENINSULA 1878
SY5442	ROCK 1880
SY5038	ROCK ISLAND 1878
SY5480	TABOOK 1878
SY5539	TONGUE 1878
SY5559	TULE 1878
SY5483	ZELATCHED 1878

Registration:

For georeferencing, tics were used only surrounding areas that depicted nearshore features on the T-sheet. This was mainly done to hasten the overall process due to the magnitude of the scope of the project while maintaining the best control around areas of interest. The sheets were then rectified using a 1^st order polynomial transformation. Points that produced relatively high RMS values, as well as tic points that consistently fell outside of 4.5 meters (on a 1:10,000 scale T-sheet) of their projected UTM coordinates were omitted.

The following tic marks were used for georeferencing the initial resample:

Longitude		Latitude
deg	min	deg	min
122	42	47	52
122	41	47	52
122	40	47	52
122	39	47	52
122	38	47	52
122	37	47	52
122	36	47	52
122	35	47	52
122	42	47	51
122	41	47	51
122	40	47	51
122	39	47	51
122	38	47	51
122	37	47	51
122	36	47	51
122	35	47	51
122	42	47	50
122	41	47	50
122	40	47	50
122	39	47	50
122	38	47	50
122	37	47	50
122	44	47	49
122	43	47	49
122	42	47	49
122	41	47	49
122	40	47	49
122	39	47	49
122	38	47	49
122	45	47	48
122	44	47	48
122	43	47	48
122	42	47	48
122	41	47	48
122	40	47	48
122	39	47	48
122	45	47	47
122	44	47	47
122	43	47	47
122	42	47	47
122	41	47	47
122	45	47	46
122	44	47	46
122	43	47	46
122	42	47	46
122	41	47	46
122	46	47	45
122	45	47	45
122	44	47	45
122	43	47	45
122	47	47	44
122	46	47	44
122	45	47	44
122	44	47	44
122	47	47	43
122	46	47	43
122	45	47	43
122	44	47	43
122	46	47	42
122	45	47	42
122	44	47	42
122	45	47	41
122	44	47	41

Five resamples were performed on this data. On this T-sheet it is unclear which tics are Clark PSD, Bessell PSD, and NAD, so I did four resamples using different input points to find just the right match.

Several factors that can introduce error into the registration process include:

• The accuracy of the graticules and projection lines drawn on the map.

• Non-uniform shrinkage of the original map due to age and storage conditions.

• Distortion caused by the scanning process.

• Loss of resolution and distortion due to image compression.

• Ability of the technician to identify appropriate survey stations that correspond to the area of the T-sheet to compute the datum shift.

• Ability of the technician to identify and locate appropriate tics on the T-sheet for the transformation.

• The geometric transformation method employed.

References:

Daniels, R. C. and R.H. Huxford. 2001. An error assessment of vector data derived from scanned National Ocean Service topographic sheets. Journal of Coastal Research 17: 611 – 619.

Patton, R.S., 1999. Datum Differences: Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coast of the United States. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington D.C. (Original publication: 1936)

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Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Planar:

Grid_Coordinate_System:

Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator

Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

UTM_Zone_Number: 10

Transverse_Mercator:

Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600

Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.000000

Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000

False_Easting: 500000.000000

False_Northing: 0.000000

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column

Coordinate_Representation:

Abscissa_Resolution: 2.000000

Ordinate_Resolution: 2.000000

Planar_Distance_Units: meters

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1927

Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866

Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.400000

Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.978698

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Distribution_Information:

Resource_Description: Downloadable Data

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Transfer_Size: 24.630

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Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20020723

Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Brian Collins, Amir Sheikh

Contact_Organization:

Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: Department of Earth and Space Sciences

Address: Box 351310

Address: University of Washington

City: Seattle

State_or_Province: WA

Postal_Code: 98195

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 616-6584

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (206) 543-0489

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bcollins@u.washington.edu

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: asheikh@u.washington.edu

Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata

Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998

Metadata_Time_Convention: local time

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