T-1672; Topography of Puget Sound, Wash. Ter., From Nisqually River to Totten Inlet, 1878

Metadata:

Identification_Information
Data_Quality_Information
Spatial_Reference_Information
Distribution_Information
Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Puget Sound River History Project

Originator: Department of Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351310

Originator: Seattle, WA 98195

Publication_Date: 10/01/03

Title: T-1672; Topography of Puget Sound, Wash. Ter., From Nisqually River to Totten Inlet, 1878

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map

Abstract:

Georeferenced United States Coast & Geodetic Survey Topographic Sheet T-1672; Topography of Puget Sound, Wash. Ter., From Nisqually River to Totten Inlet, 1878; Scale: 1:20,000; Surveyor: E. Ellicott

Supplemental_Information: For a comprehensive historical and technical review of the production and interpretation of early Coast & Geodetic Survey T-sheets please refer to Shalowitz, A.L. 1964. Shore and Sea Boundaries, Volumes 2. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, DC. This publication is available online at https://chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov/hsd/shallow.htm

Time_Period_of_Content: 1878

Time_Period_Information: 1878

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 1878

Currentness_Reference: 1878

Status:

Progress: Complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword: T-sheets

Theme_Keyword: Coastal Survey

Theme_Keyword: Land Cover

Theme_Keyword: Historical

Theme_Keyword: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey

Place:

Place_Keyword: Washington State

Place_Keyword: Puget Sound

Stratum:

Stratum_Keyword: Near Shore

Stratum_Keyword: Coast

Temporal:

Temporal_Keyword: 1878

Access_Constraints:

This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.

https://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu

Use_Constraints:

This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.

https://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Brian Collins, Amir Sheikh

Contact_Organization:

Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: Department of Earth and Space Sciences

Address: Box 351310

Address: University of Washington

City: Seattle

State_or_Province: WA

Postal_Code: 98195

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 616-6584

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (206) 543-0489

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bcollins@u.washington.edu

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: asheikh@u.washington.edu

Data_Quality_Information:

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: 6 meters (using 8 reliable benchmarks)

To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, benchmarks located on the T-sheets were compared to published NGS benchmarks that were retraceable to the time of the surveyed T-sheet. (Published NGS benchmark information is located at https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/datasheet.prl). Only benchmarks that could be established with a high degree of certainty that existed at the time of the original T-sheet survey and were not remounted were used in the final accuracy measurement. If no current benchmarks exist or if the benchmarks have been remounted in relation to the benchmarks on the T-sheet, hard points (areas that would expect little change since the original surveys) were used to give a general indicator of the T-sheet’s registration accuracy in lieu of a more rigorous method. Thus these hard point measurements must be viewed with some caution. It should be stressed that the accuracy assessment was to check the accuracy of the overall registration process, not necessarily the accuracy of the survey itself.

NOTE: Measured distances are rounded to the nearest meter. The hand-drawn representations of benchmarks on the T-sheets are often up to 10 meters in width. To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, the measured distance is from the NGS-published coordinates to the perceived middle of the benchmark depicted on the T-sheet. In addition, the overall shape of the benchmark symbol is sometimes obscured by other symbology on the T-sheet. Thus, there is a certain level of uncertainty introduced due to the ambiguous location of the benchmark on the T-sheet.

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Sixteen possible benchmarks were identified on the map and in the datasheets, and eleven of these matched the map within 12 meters. Of these matches, three of these could have been remounted, and so cannot be included in the error assessment. Seven were mounted in 1924, and updated onto the map at that time, so they can be included in the error assessment, because the original position of the benchmark is recorded on the map. MORSE dates back to 1878.

Benchmark PID LONG LAT Measured distance between T-sheet benchmark & NGS-published benchmark

**1	HEND	SY3162	122 49 37.91967	47 09 42.43788	12.46875
2	TREB	SY3129	122 44 25.47650	47 08 59.72550	8.71382
3	AND	SY3081	122 42 54.43713	47 07 48.62510	4.697073
4	TOM	SY3055	122 42 10.28788	47 07 28.08098	3.67636
5	LYE	SY3052	122 41 57.76692	47 07 28.53832	3.70019
7	NIS	SY3050	122 43 41.07025	47 06 05.77048	7.267221
8	QUA	SY3188	122 45 49.13898	47 07 12.52730	7.363935
**9	SALOM 2	SY3299	122 55 29.24992	47 13 32.63603	11.067972
11	MORSE 1878	SY3375	122 53 12.59970	47 11 38.05109	7.610193
13	DUP	SY0741	122 39 52.37315	47 07 07.85049	8.938155
**16	RENO 2	SY3156	122 51 23.24116	47 14 06.24238	8.740173

Lineage:

Technician: Elizabeth Cassel Date: 9-18-03

Process_Step:

Process_Description: The georeferencing of T-sheets in the Puget Sound region was funded by the Puget Sound Nearshore Project (PSNERP) https://www.pugetsoundnearshore.org/

Scanned images were obtained from Information Manufacturing Corporation, 7000 Infantry Ridge Road, Suite 200, Manassas, VA 20109 Phone: (703) 393-6866

The methodology used to georeference the T-sheets was modified from the previous work of Jennifer Burke (NOAA) in the Lower Columbia and Daniels et al (2001). The georeferencing and error assessment process were carried out using Erdas Imagine 8.6 and ArcGIS 8.3. For additional information concerning the georeferencing method please refer to: https://rocky2.ess.washington.edu/riverhistory/tsheets.php

Datum Shift:

Most T-sheets do not have a current datum represented on them (i.e. NAD 27, NAD 83). Graticules (tics) marking Latitude and Longitude in the early local Puget Sound Datum (PSD) and a later update to North American Datum (NAD) projection are most often present. To calculate the X, Y shift from NAD to NAD 27, X and Y values were used from datum difference tables for survey stations around most of Puget Sound (Patton, 1999). An overall datum shift was determined for the area covered by the T-sheet by averaging the shift from a number of survey stations in or nearby that area represented on the T-sheet.

However on some sheets, especially those in the Hood Canal area, the nearby survey stations are not shown in Patton (1999). For these sheets we use a list of survey stations with datum shifts from the PSD to NAD 83, prepared and provided to us by David Doyle from NGS. Originally, we attempted to reference this sheet using a spreadsheet from David Doyle, but the PSD tics on the sheet are unreliable, and the map was consistently off by 100 meters. This is possibly due to a change in the spheroid, from Bessell to Clarke, that occurred near the time this map was made. So instead, I used the clearly marked NAD tics, and just averaged a number of survey stations that were further away but along similar lines of Latitude and Longitude as the map.

The following survey stations were used to calculate the datum shift:

Wash 2, 1921

Bos, 1905

Smelt, 1905

Dron, 1905

Gull, 1891

Brown, 1921

Neill, 3, 1921

Pine, 1921

E. Blake, 1921

Restoration, 1857

Yeomoalt 2, 1913

Registration:

For georeferencing, tics were used only surrounding areas that depicted nearshore features on the T-sheet. This was mainly done to hasten the overall process due to the magnitude of the scope of the project while maintaining the best control around areas of interest. The sheets were then rectified using a 1^st order polynomial transformation. Points that produced relatively high RMS values, as well as tic points that consistently fell outside of 4.5 meters (on a 1:10,000 scale T-sheet) of their projected UTM coordinates were omitted.

The following tic marks were used for georeferencing the initial resample:

	Longitude		Latitude
	deg	min	deg	min
1	122	51	47	14
2	122	50	47	14
3	122	49	47	14
4	122	56	47	13
5	122	55	47	13
6	122	54	47	13
7	122	53	47	13
8	122	52	47	13
9	122	51	47	13
10	122	50	47	13
11	122	49	47	13
12	122	48	47	13
13	122	56	47	12
14	122	55	47	12
15	122	54	47	12
16	122	53	47	12
17	122	52	47	12
18	122	51	47	12
19	122	50	47	12
20	122	49	47	12
21	122	48	47	12
22	122	47	47	12
23	122	57	47	11
24	122	56	47	11
25	122	55	47	11
26	122	54	47	11
27	122	53	47	11
28	122	52	47	11
29	122	51	47	11
30	122	50	47	11
31	122	49	47	11
32	122	48	47	11
33	122	47	47	11
34	122	46	47	11
35	122	57	47	10
36	122	56	47	10
37	122	55	47	10
38	122	54	47	10
39	122	53	47	10
40	122	52	47	10
41	122	51	47	10
42	122	50	47	10
43	122	49	47	10
44	122	48	47	10
45	122	47	47	10
46	122	46	47	10
47	122	45	47	10
48	122	44	47	10
49	122	53	47	9
50	122	52	47	9
51	122	51	47	9
52	122	50	47	9
53	122	49	47	9
54	122	48	47	9
55	122	47	47	9
56	122	46	47	9
57	122	45	47	9
58	122	44	47	9
59	122	43	47	9
60	122	42	47	9
61	122	51	47	8
62	122	50	47	8
63	122	49	47	8
64	122	48	47	8
65	122	47	47	8
66	122	46	47	8
67	122	45	47	8
68	122	44	47	8
69	122	43	47	8
70	122	42	47	8
71	122	41	47	8
72	122	40	47	8
73	122	50	47	7
74	122	49	47	7
75	122	46	47	7
76	122	45	47	7
77	122	44	47	7
78	122	43	47	7
79	122	42	47	7
80	122	41	47	7
81	122	40	47	7
82	122	47	47	6
83	122	44	47	6
84	122	43	47	6
85	122	42	47	6
86	122	41	47	6
87	122	44	47	5
88	122	43	47	5
89	122	42	47	5
90	122	41	47	5
91	122	43	47	4
92	122	42	47	4

Before switching to NAD tics, many unsuccessful resamples were performed on this data. Once I switched to NAD tics, I did two resamples. The following points were omitted from the second resample because of high error distances (>10m): 4, 11, 12. Points 3 and 16 had to be readjusted, and the second resample was a much better fit.

Several factors that can introduce error into the registration process include:

The accuracy of the graticules and projection lines drawn on the map.

Non-uniform shrinkage of the original map due to age and storage conditions.

Distortion caused by the scanning process.

Loss of resolution and distortion due to image compression.

Ability of the technician to identify appropriate survey stations that correspond to the area of the T-sheet to compute the datum shift.

Ability of the technician to identify and locate appropriate tics on the T-sheet for the transformation.

The geometric transformation method employed.

References:

Daniels, R. C. and R.H. Huxford. 2001. An error assessment of vector data derived from scanned National Ocean Service topographic sheets. Journal of Coastal Research 17: 611 – 619.

Patton, R.S., 1999. Datum Differences: Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coast of the United States. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington D.C. (Original publication: 1936)

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Planar:

Grid_Coordinate_System:

Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator

Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

UTM_Zone_Number: 10

Transverse_Mercator:

Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600

Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.000000

Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000

False_Easting: 500000.000000

False_Northing: 0.000000

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column

Coordinate_Representation:

Abscissa_Resolution: 2.000000

Ordinate_Resolution: 2.000000

Planar_Distance_Units: meters

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1927

Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866

Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.400000

Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.978698

Distribution_Information:

Resource_Description: Downloadable Data

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Transfer_Size: 24.630

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20020723

Metadata_Contact: