T-2011; Penn's Neck and Saratoga Passage, 1888

Metadata:

• Identification_Information
• Data_Quality_Information
• Spatial_Reference_Information
• Distribution_Information
• Metadata_Reference_Information

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Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Puget Sound River History Project

Originator: Department of Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351310

Originator: Seattle, WA 98195

Publication_Date: 10/01/03

Title: T-2011; Penn's Neck and Saratoga Passage, 1888

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map

Abstract:

Georeferenced United States Coast & Geodetic Survey Topographic Sheet T-2011; Penn's Neck and Saratoga Passage, 1888; Scale: 1:20,000; Surveyor: J. F. Pratt

Supplemental_Information: For a comprehensive historical and technical review of the production and interpretation of early Coast & Geodetic Survey T-sheets please refer to Shalowitz, A.L. 1964. Shore and Sea Boundaries, Volumes 2. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, DC. This publication is available online at http://chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov/hsd/shallow.htm

Time_Period_of_Content: 1888

Time_Period_Information: 1888

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 1888

Currentness_Reference: 1888

Status:

Progress: Complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword: T-sheets

Theme_Keyword: Coastal Survey

Theme_Keyword: Land Cover

Theme_Keyword: Historical

Theme_Keyword: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey

Place:

Place_Keyword: Washington State

Place_Keyword: Puget Sound

Stratum:

Stratum_Keyword: Near Shore

Stratum_Keyword: Coast

Temporal:

Temporal_Keyword: 1888

Access_Constraints:

This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.

http://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu

Use_Constraints:

This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.

http://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Brian Collins, Amir Sheikh

Contact_Organization:

Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: Department of Earth and Space Sciences

Address: Box 351310

Address: University of Washington

City: Seattle

State_or_Province: WA

Postal_Code: 98195

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 616-6584

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (206) 543-0489

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bcollins@u.washington.edu

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: asheikh@u.washington.edu

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Data_Quality_Information:

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: No traceable benchmarks

To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, benchmarks located on the T-sheets were compared to published NGS benchmarks that were retraceable to the time of the surveyed T-sheet. (Published NGS benchmark information is located at http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/datasheet.prl). Only benchmarks that could be established with a high degree of certainty that existed at the time of the original T-sheet survey and were not remounted were used in the final accuracy measurement. If no current benchmarks exist or if the benchmarks have been remounted in relation to the benchmarks on the T-sheet, hard points (areas that would expect little change since the original surveys) were used to give a general indicator of the T-sheet’s registration accuracy in lieu of a more rigorous method. Thus these hard point measurements must be viewed with some caution. It should be stressed that the accuracy assessment was to check the accuracy of the overall registration process, not necessarily the accuracy of the survey itself.

NOTE: Measured distances are rounded to the nearest meter. The hand-drawn representations of benchmarks on the T-sheets are often up to 10 meters in width. To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, the measured distance is from the NGS-published coordinates to the perceived middle of the benchmark depicted on the T-sheet. In addition, the overall shape of the benchmark symbol is sometimes obscured by other symbology on the T-sheet. Thus, there is a certain level of uncertainty introduced due to the ambiguous location of the benchmark on the T-sheet.

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Of the nearly thirty benchmarks noted on this t-sheet nine datasheets were found for benchmarks with similar names or whose descriptions put them at the same point. All claim to have been monumented 1920 or after, and some are remonumented, so none of these should we expect to be at the same location. Four benchmarks and their checks came within 20 meters of each other.

Benchmark PID LONG LAT Measured distance between T-sheet benchmark & NGS-published benchmark

Station Name	PID	Current Survey Control NAD83		Meaured Distance Btwn T-sheet & NGS-published benchmark
		Long	Lat
STARFISH	TR1298	122 31 43.15412	48 15 01.77508	19.83
UTSALADDY 2 RESET	TR1285	122 30 13.55965	48 15 24.67769	2.07
BROWN 2	TR1137	122 27 54.59318	48 16 11.75768	30.87
FROSTAD 2	TR1255	122 30 20.24759	48 17 53.19334	12.68
MAYLOR 2	TR0450	122 37 50.74210	48 16 03.91787	13.13
LONG	TR1586	122 38 53.90247	48 13 33.68245	49.76
POLNELL	TR0465	122 33 33.47322	48 16 21.95390
SNAKE LUM USE 1920	TR1610	122 37 37.18324	48 13 14.89878
WEEDIN	TR1469	122 36 21.93286	48 12 26.69758

Lineage:

Technician: Joanna Marsolek Date: 9-10-03

Process_Step:

Process_Description: The georeferencing of T-sheets in the Puget Sound region was funded by the Puget Sound Nearshore Project (PSNERP) http://www.pugetsoundnearshore.org/

Scanned images were obtained from Information Manufacturing Corporation, 7000 Infantry Ridge Road, Suite 200, Manassas, VA 20109 Phone: (703) 393-6866

The methodology used to georeference the T-sheets was modified from the previous work of Jennifer Burke (NOAA) in the Lower Columbia and Daniels et al (2001). The georeferencing and error assessment process were carried out using Erdas Imagine 8.6 and ArcGIS 8.3. For additional information concerning the georeferencing method please refer to: http://rocky2.ess.washington.edu/riverhistory/tsheets.php

Datum Shift:

Most T-sheets do not have a current datum represented on them (i.e. NAD 27, NAD 83). Graticules (tics) marking Latitude and Longitude in the early local Puget Sound Datum (PSD) and a later update to North American Datum (NAD) projection are most often present. To calculate the X, Y shift from NAD to NAD 27, X and Y values were used from datum difference tables for survey stations around most of Puget Sound (Patton, 1999). An overall datum shift was determined for the area covered by the T-sheet by averaging the shift from a number of survey stations in or nearby that area represented on the T-sheet.

The following survey stations were used to calculate the datum shift:

Admiralty Inlet E.Base, 1921

Registration:

For georeferencing, tics were used only surrounding areas that depicted nearshore features on the T-sheet. This was mainly done to hasten the overall process due to the magnitude of the scope of the project while maintaining the best control around areas of interest. The sheets were then rectified using a 1^st order polynomial transformation. Points that produced relatively high RMS values, as well as tic points that consistently fell outside of 4.5 meters (on a 1:10,000 scale T-sheet) of their projected UTM coordinates were omitted.

The following tic marks were used for georeferencing the initial resample:

	Longitude		Latitude
	deg	min	deg	min
1	122	40	48	19
2	122	39	48	19
3	122	38	48	19
4	122	37	48	19
5	122	36	48	19
6	122	35	48	19
7	122	34	48	19
8	122	41	48	18
9	122	40	48	18
10	122	39	48	18
11	122	38	48	18
12	122	37	48	18
13	122	36	48	18
14	122	35	48	18
15	122	34	48	18
16	122	33	48	18
17	122	32	48	18
18	122	31	48	18
19	122	30	48	18
20	122	42	48	17
21	122	41	48	17
22	122	40	48	17
23	122	39	48	17
24	122	38	48	17
25	122	37	48	17
26	122	36	48	17
27	122	35	48	17
28	122	34	48	17
29	122	33	48	17
30	122	32	48	17
31	122	31	48	17
32	122	30	48	17
33	122	42	48	16
34	122	41	48	16
35	122	40	48	16
36	122	39	48	16
37	122	38	48	16
38	122	37	48	16
39	122	36	48	16
40	122	35	48	16
41	122	34	48	16
42	122	33	48	16
43	122	32	48	16
44	122	31	48	16
45	122	30	48	16
46	122	29	48	16
47	122	28	48	16
48	122	27	48	16
49	122	27	48	17
50	122	45	48	15
51	122	44	48	15
52	122	43	48	15
53	122	42	48	15
54	122	41	48	15
55	122	40	48	15
56	122	39	48	15
57	122	38	48	15
58	122	37	48	15
59	122	36	48	15
60	122	35	48	15
61	122	34	48	15
62	122	33	48	15
63	122	32	48	15
64	122	31	48	15
65	122	30	48	15
66	122	29	48	15
67	122	28	48	15
68	122	27	48	15
69	122	45	48	14
70	122	44	48	14
71	122	43	48	14
72	122	42	48	14
73	122	41	48	14
74	122	40	48	14
75	122	39	48	14
76	122	38	48	14
77	122	37	48	14
78	122	36	48	14
79	122	35	48	14
80	122	34	48	14
81	122	33	48	14
82	122	32	48	14
83	122	31	48	14
84	122	30	48	14
85	122	29	48	14
86	122	45	48	13
87	122	44	48	13
88	122	43	48	13
89	122	42	48	13
90	122	41	48	13
91	122	40	48	13
92	122	39	48	13
93	122	38	48	13
94	122	37	48	13
95	122	36	48	13
96	122	35	48	13
97	122	34	48	13
98	122	33	48	13
99	122	32	48	13
100	122	31	48	13
101	122	42	48	12
102	122	41	48	12
103	122	40	48	12
104	122	39	48	12
105	122	38	48	12
106	122	37	48	12
107	122	36	48	12

Two resamples were performed on this data. Overall RMS was 0.0013. Periphery point 68 had a marginal RMS of 0.004 and nearby points 67 and 48 were at 0.003. Removing the most extremely located of these points, 68, did not improve the RMS of others. Both resamples are justified, and in this case the first was maintained for the final tiff.

Several factors that can introduce error into the registration process include:

• The accuracy of the graticules and projection lines drawn on the map.

• Non-uniform shrinkage of the original map due to age and storage conditions.

• Distortion caused by the scanning process.

• Loss of resolution and distortion due to image compression.

• Ability of the technician to identify appropriate survey stations that correspond to the area of the T-sheet to compute the datum shift.

• Ability of the technician to identify and locate appropriate tics on the T-sheet for the transformation.

• The geometric transformation method employed.

References:

Daniels, R. C. and R.H. Huxford. 2001. An error assessment of vector data derived from scanned National Ocean Service topographic sheets. Journal of Coastal Research 17: 611 – 619.

Patton, R.S., 1999. Datum Differences: Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coast of the United States. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington D.C. (Original publication: 1936)

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Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Planar:

Grid_Coordinate_System:

Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator

Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

UTM_Zone_Number: 10

Transverse_Mercator:

Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600

Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.000000

Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000

False_Easting: 500000.000000

False_Northing: 0.000000

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column

Coordinate_Representation:

Abscissa_Resolution: 2.000000

Ordinate_Resolution: 2.000000

Planar_Distance_Units: meters

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1927

Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866

Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.400000

Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.978698

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Distribution_Information:

Resource_Description: Downloadable Data

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Transfer_Size: 24.630

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Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20020723

Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Brian Collins, Amir Sheikh

Contact_Organization:

Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: Department of Earth and Space Sciences

Address: Box 351310

Address: University of Washington

City: Seattle

State_or_Province: WA

Postal_Code: 98195

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 616-6584

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (206) 543-0489

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bcollins@u.washington.edu

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: asheikh@u.washington.edu

Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata

Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998

Metadata_Time_Convention: local time

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