T-2194; Topography of Washington Sound, Wash, San Juan and Henry Islands, 1894

Metadata:


Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator:  Puget Sound River History Project

Originator: Department of Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351310

Originator: Seattle, WA 98195

Publication_Date: 10/01/03

Title: T-2194; Topography of Washington Sound, Wash, San Juan and Henry Islands, 1894

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map

Abstract:

Georeferenced United States Coast & Geodetic Survey Topographic Sheet T-2194; Topography of Washington Sound, Wash, San Juan and Henry Islands, 1894; Scale: 1:10,000; Surveyor: J. J. Gilbert

Supplemental_Information:  For a comprehensive historical and technical review of the production and interpretation of early Coast & Geodetic Survey T-sheets please refer to Shalowitz, A.L. 1964. Shore and Sea Boundaries, Volumes 2.  U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, DC. This publication is available online at http://chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov/hsd/shallow.htm

Time_Period_of_Content:  1894

Time_Period_Information:  1894

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 1894

Currentness_Reference: 1894

Status:

Progress: Complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword: T-sheets

Theme_Keyword: Coastal Survey

Theme_Keyword: Land Cover

Theme_Keyword: Historical

Theme_Keyword: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey

Place:

Place_Keyword: Washington State

Place_Keyword: Puget Sound

Stratum:

Stratum_Keyword: Near Shore

Stratum_Keyword: Coast

Temporal:

Temporal_Keyword: 1894

Access_Constraints:

This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.

http://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu

Use_Constraints:

This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.

http://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Brian Collins, Amir Sheikh

Contact_Organization:

Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: Department of Earth and Space Sciences

Address: Box 351310

Address: University of Washington

City: Seattle

State_or_Province: WA

Postal_Code: 98195

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 616-6584

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (206) 543-0489

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bcollins@u.washington.edu

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: asheikh@u.washington.edu


Data_Quality_Information:

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: 3 meters (using 10 reliable benchmarks)

To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, benchmarks located on the T-sheets were compared to published NGS benchmarks that were retraceable to the time of the surveyed T-sheet. (Published NGS benchmark information is located at http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/datasheet.prl). Only benchmarks that could be established with a high degree of certainty that existed at the time of the original T-sheet survey and were not remounted were used in the final accuracy measurement. If no current benchmarks exist or if the benchmarks have been remounted in relation to the benchmarks on the T-sheet, hard points (areas that would expect little change since the original surveys) were used to give a general indicator of the T-sheet’s registration accuracy in lieu of a more rigorous method. Thus these hard point measurements must be viewed with some caution. It should be stressed that the accuracy assessment was to check the accuracy of the overall registration process, not necessarily the accuracy of the survey itself.

NOTE: Measured distances are rounded to the nearest meter. The hand-drawn representations of benchmarks on the T-sheets are often up to 10 meters in width. To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, the measured distance is from the NGS-published coordinates to the perceived middle of the benchmark depicted on the T-sheet. In addition, the overall shape of the benchmark symbol is sometimes obscured by other symbology on the T-sheet. Thus, there is a certain level of uncertainty introduced due to the ambiguous location of the benchmark on the T-sheet. 

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Eleven benchmarks were used to calculate error for this sheet, which overall was very low.  Only one of the benchmarks – LOW 2, has possibly been remounted, so it cannot be used in the error assessment.  All the other benchmarks date back to 1894, except BELLVUE, which dates back to 1854, so they are all included in the error assessment. 

 

Benchmark                   PID      LONG             LAT                 Measured distance between T-sheet benchmark & NGS-published benchmark

1

MOSQUITO RESET

TR2266

123 10 51.16183

48 37 15.70816

0.752600

2

KELP RESET

TR2260

123 11 33.65786

48 36 33.95604

1.526139

3

BARNACLE 1894

TR2258

123 09 32.31069

48 36 30.47064

3.466356

4

MAPLE RESET

TR2257

123 12 06.21564

48 35 18.71713

2.809026

5

SORREL RESET

TR2259

123 11 43.66337

48 35 11.07013

3.832937

6

KOPET RESET

TR2261

123 10 25.09765

48 34 42.60624

4.326630

7

QUEEN RESET

TR2272

123 10 35.75017

48 34 01.82078

3.046675

8

GRANITE RESET

TR2273

123 10 32.76025

48 33 40.68792

0.685366

9

BELLEVUE 1854

TR2252

123 09 46.27591

48 31 46.56701

2.856599

10

ROUGH 1894

TR2269

123 09 02.11305

48 30 49.98813

2.555822

 


           
Lineage:

Technician: Isabelle Sarikan and Elizabeth Cassel  Date:  9-17-03
Process_Step:
Process_Description:  The georeferencing of T-sheets in the Puget Sound region was funded by the Puget Sound Nearshore Project (PSNERP) http://www.pugetsoundnearshore.org/
Scanned images were obtained from University of Washington Libraries at http://www.wsulibs.wsu.edu/holland/masc/sanjuanindex.html

The methodology used to georeference the T-sheets was modified from the previous work of Jennifer Burke (NOAA) in the Lower Columbia and Daniels et al (2001). The georeferencing and error assessment process were carried out using Erdas Imagine 8.6 and ArcGIS 8.3. For additional information concerning the georeferencing method please refer to: http://rocky2.ess.washington.edu/riverhistory/tsheets.php

Datum Shift:

Most T-sheets do not have a current datum represented on them (i.e. NAD 27, NAD 83). Graticules (tics) marking Latitude and Longitude in the early local Puget Sound Datum (PSD) and a later update to North American Datum (NAD) projection are most often present. To calculate the X, Y shift from NAD to NAD 27, X and Y values were used from datum difference tables for survey stations around most of Puget Sound (Patton, 1999). An overall datum shift was determined for the area covered by the T-sheet by averaging the shift from a number of survey stations in or nearby that area represented on the T-sheet.

The following survey stations were used to calculate the datum shift:

BELLEVUE 1854

MAPLE 1894

MORSE ISLAND 1894

            Registration:

For georeferencing, tics were used only surrounding areas that depicted nearshore features on the T-sheet. This was mainly done to hasten the overall process due to the magnitude of the scope of the project while maintaining the best control around areas of interest. The sheets were then rectified using a 1st order polynomial transformation. Points that produced relatively high RMS values, as well as tic points that consistently fell outside of 4.5 meters (on a 1:10,000 scale T-sheet) of their projected UTM coordinates were omitted.

            The following tic marks were used for georeferencing the initial resample:

Longitude

Latitude

deg

min

deg

min

1

123

12

48

37

2

123

12

48

36

3

123

12

48

35

4

123

11

48

36

5

123

11

48

35

6

123

11

48

33

7

123

10

48

36

8

123

10

48

35

9

123

10

48

34

10

123

10

48

31

11

123

9

48

36

12

123

9

48

35

13

123

9

48

34

14

123

9

48

31

15

123

8

48

36

16

123

8

48

35

17

123

8

48

34

18

123

8

48

31

19

123

7

48

37

20

123

7

48

36

21

123

7

48

35

22

123

7

48

34

23

123

7

48

33

24

123

7

48

32

25

123

11

48

37

26

123

10

48

37

27

123

9

48

37

28

123

8

48

37

29

123

12

48

34

30

123

11

48

34

31

123

12

48

33

32

123

10

48

33

33

123

10

48

32

34

123

9

48

32

35

123

8

48

32

36

123

7

48

31

A number of resamples were performed on this data.  Initially, the shift to NAD 27 was calculated incorrectly, so the map was off by 30 m overall.  But when the shift was recalculated, the map appeared much more inline, so the final resample used all the points listed above.

 

Several factors that can introduce error into the registration process include:

References:

 Daniels, R. C. and R.H. Huxford. 2001. An error assessment of vector data derived from scanned National Ocean Service topographic sheets. Journal of Coastal Research 17: 611 – 619.

Patton, R.S., 1999. Datum Differences: Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coast of the United States. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington D.C. (Original publication: 1936)


Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Planar:

Grid_Coordinate_System:

Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator

Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

UTM_Zone_Number: 10

Transverse_Mercator:

Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600

Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.000000

Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000

False_Easting: 500000.000000

False_Northing: 0.000000

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column

Coordinate_Representation:

Abscissa_Resolution: 2.000000

Ordinate_Resolution: 2.000000

Planar_Distance_Units: meters

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1927

Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866

Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.400000

Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.978698


Distribution_Information:

Resource_Description: Downloadable Data

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Transfer_Size: 24.630


Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20020723

Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Brian Collins, Amir Sheikh

Contact_Organization:

Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: Department of Earth and Space Sciences

Address: Box 351310

Address: University of Washington

City: Seattle

State_or_Province: WA

Postal_Code: 98195

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 616-6584

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (206) 543-0489

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bcollins@u.washington.edu

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: asheikh@u.washington.edu

Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata

Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998

Metadata_Time_Convention: local time