Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Puget Sound River History Project
Originator: Department of Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351310
Originator: Seattle, WA 98195
Publication_Date: 10/01/03
Title: T-2229; Sheet No. 8, Topography of Washington Sound, Wash, Orcas Shaw and Other Islands, 1895
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
Abstract:
Georeferenced United States Coast & Geodetic Survey Topographic Sheet T-2229; Sheet No. 8, Topography of Washington Sound, Wash, Orcas Shaw and Other Islands, 1895; Scale: 1:10,000; Surveyor: J. J. Gilbert
Supplemental_Information: For a
comprehensive historical and technical review of the production and
interpretation of early Coast & Geodetic Survey T-sheets please refer to
Shalowitz, A.L. 1964. Shore and Sea Boundaries, Volumes 2. U.S.
Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, DC. This
publication is available online at https://chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov/hsd/shallow.htm
Time_Period_of_Content: 1895
Time_Period_Information: 1895
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 1895
Currentness_Reference: 1895
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword: T-sheets
Theme_Keyword: Coastal Survey
Theme_Keyword: Land Cover
Theme_Keyword: Historical
Theme_Keyword: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
Place:
Place_Keyword: Washington State
Place_Keyword: Puget Sound
Stratum:
Stratum_Keyword: Near Shore
Stratum_Keyword: Coast
Temporal:
Temporal_Keyword: 1895
Access_Constraints:
This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.
https://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu
Use_Constraints:
This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.
https://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Brian Collins, Amir Sheikh
Contact_Organization:
Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing address
Address: Department of Earth and Space Sciences
Address: Box 351310
Address: University of Washington
City: Seattle
State_or_Province: WA
Postal_Code: 98195
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 616-6584
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (206) 543-0489
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bcollins@u.washington.edu
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: asheikh@u.washington.edu
Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: 11 meters (using 20 reliable benchmarks)
The t-sheet matches well with the DRG along much of the coastline. The largest noticeable discrepancies were on the order of 20 meters, but this was in localized and less reliable places. Good edge matching with T2231.
To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, benchmarks located on the T-sheets were compared to published NGS benchmarks that were retraceable to the time of the surveyed T-sheet. (Published NGS benchmark information is located at https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/datasheet.prl). Only benchmarks that could be established with a high degree of certainty that existed at the time of the original T-sheet survey and were not remounted were used in the final accuracy measurement. If no current benchmarks exist or if the benchmarks have been remounted in relation to the benchmarks on the T-sheet, hard points (areas that would expect little change since the original surveys) were used to give a general indicator of the T-sheet’s registration accuracy in lieu of a more rigorous method. Thus these hard point measurements must be viewed with some caution. It should be stressed that the accuracy assessment was to check the accuracy of the overall registration process, not necessarily the accuracy of the survey itself.
NOTE: Measured distances are rounded to the nearest meter. The hand-drawn representations of benchmarks on the T-sheets are often up to 10 meters in width. To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, the measured distance is from the NGS-published coordinates to the perceived middle of the benchmark depicted on the T-sheet. In addition, the overall shape of the benchmark symbol is sometimes obscured by other symbology on the T-sheet. Thus, there is a certain level of uncertainty introduced due to the ambiguous location of the benchmark on the T-sheet.
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
Twenty-six datasheets were found
matching benchmarks noted on this t-sheet. One of these datasheets was for a lighthouse visible on the
map but monumented in 1940 – the nearby benchmark as noted on the map did not
have a datasheet. Five others were
mounumented after t-sheet production.
The others were all monumented in 1897 – the same year as the
mapping. So the average horizontal
positional accuracy for the other 20 benchmarks is 10.595 meters.
Station Name |
PID |
Current Survey Control NAD83 |
Error Distance |
|
Longitude |
Latitude |
|||
DICK 2 |
TR2234 |
123 03
15.14843 |
48 37
06.47935 |
18.6 |
JONES
RESET |
TR2236 |
123 03
02.11034 |
48 36
43.26458 |
13.6 |
SPRING |
TR2239 |
123 02
19.33534 |
48 36
38.16276 |
11.3 |
VIEW 1894 |
TR2240 |
123 02
17.79244 |
48 36
43.66898 |
9.7 |
FAIRVIEW
RESET |
TR2216 |
123 01
50.17760 |
48 37
27.45521 |
9.2 |
LAUREL
1894 |
TR2207 |
123 01
23.89329 |
48 36
33.70164 |
11.5 |
WEDGE
RESET |
TR2229 |
123 00
35.69594 |
48 36
50.73312 |
11.4 |
DEER
RESET |
TR2103 |
123 00
00.44519 |
48 36
58.23518 |
17.5 |
TABLE
RESET |
TR2107 |
122 59
30.35685 |
48 36
19.17865 |
12.3 |
POLE PASS
LIGHT |
TR2100 |
122 59
25.51023 |
48 36
06.18405 |
14.1 |
STONE
RESET |
TR2072 |
122 58
43.07170 |
48 35
58.58169 |
19.5 |
DOUBLE
1894 |
TR2094 |
122 58
18.84596 |
48 36
32.26448 |
6.3 |
VICTIM
RESET |
TR2069 |
122 58
28.51124 |
48 36
50.05448 |
5.1 |
BAY 1894 |
TR2081 |
122 59 02.08066 |
48 37
19.26919 |
5.6 |
DAISY
RESET |
TR2133 |
122 59
10.53170 |
48 38
17.68843 |
6.4 |
SPLIT
1894 |
TR2135 |
122 58
08.82109 |
48 37
45.56517 |
9.4 |
BUSH 1894 |
TR2142 |
122 57
28.70343 |
48 37
37.57326 |
- |
ROOT 1894 |
TR2080 |
122 57
22.06730 |
48 37
02.41730 |
5.7 |
GOLDEN
1894 |
TR2084 |
122 57
17.57082 |
48 36
28.24378 |
10.3 |
RAG 1894 |
TR2085 |
122 57
12.00176 |
48 36
10.66415 |
10.8 |
BROKEN
RESET |
TR2108 |
122 58
00.08991 |
48 35
42.76454 |
12.2 |
WASP
PASSAGE |
TR2068 |
122 58
36.46393 |
48 35
42.44905 |
4 |
NARROW
1894 |
TR2102 |
122 59
15.53297 |
48 35
30.09698 |
11.4 |
NECK
RESET |
TR2224 |
123 00
45.05556 |
48 35
13.18712 |
6 |
LEAD
RESET |
TR2214 |
123 00
59.57417 |
48 34
48.98933 |
18 |
EGG 2 |
TR2105 |
122 59
56.93441 |
48 34
42.37840 |
5.1 |
Lineage:
Technician: Joanna Marsolek
Date: 9-25-03
Process_Step:
Process_Description: The georeferencing of T-sheets in the Puget Sound region was funded by the Puget Sound Nearshore Project (PSNERP) https://www.pugetsoundnearshore.org/
Scanned images were obtained from University of Washington Libraries at https://www.wsulibs.wsu.edu/holland/masc/sanjuanindex.html
The methodology used to georeference the T-sheets was modified from the previous work of Jennifer Burke (NOAA) in the Lower Columbia and Daniels et al (2001). The georeferencing and error assessment process were carried out using Erdas Imagine 8.6 and ArcGIS 8.3. For additional information concerning the georeferencing method please refer to: https://rocky2.ess.washington.edu/riverhistory/tsheets.php
Datum Shift:
Most T-sheets do not have a current datum represented on them (i.e. NAD 27, NAD 83). Graticules (tics) marking Latitude and Longitude in the early local Puget Sound Datum (PSD) and a later update to North American Datum (NAD) projection are most often present. To calculate the X, Y shift from NAD to NAD 27, X and Y values were used from datum difference tables for survey stations around most of Puget Sound (Patton, 1999). An overall datum shift was determined for the area covered by the T-sheet by averaging the shift from a number of survey stations in or nearby that area represented on the T-sheet.
The following survey stations were used to calculate the datum shift:
Morse Island, 1894 |
Maple, 1894 |
Lawrence, 1854 |
Obstruction, 1854 |
Registration:
For georeferencing, tics were used only surrounding areas that depicted nearshore features on the T-sheet. This was mainly done to hasten the overall process due to the magnitude of the scope of the project while maintaining the best control around areas of interest. The sheets were then rectified using a 1st order polynomial transformation. Points that produced relatively high RMS values, as well as tic points that consistently fell outside of 4.5 meters (on a 1:10,000 scale T-sheet) of their projected UTM coordinates were omitted.
The following tic marks were used for georeferencing the initial resample:
|
Longitude |
Latitude |
|
|
|
deg |
min |
deg |
min |
1 |
123 |
0 |
48 |
40 |
2 |
122 |
59 |
48 |
40 |
3 |
122 |
58 |
48 |
40 |
4 |
122 |
57 |
48 |
40 |
5 |
123 |
1 |
48 |
39 |
6 |
123 |
0 |
48 |
39 |
7 |
122 |
59 |
48 |
39 |
8 |
122 |
58 |
48 |
39 |
9 |
122 |
57 |
48 |
39 |
10 |
122 |
56 |
48 |
39 |
11 |
123 |
2 |
48 |
38 |
12 |
123 |
1 |
48 |
38 |
13 |
123 |
0 |
48 |
38 |
14 |
122 |
59 |
48 |
38 |
15 |
122 |
58 |
48 |
38 |
16 |
122 |
57 |
48 |
38 |
17 |
122 |
56 |
48 |
38 |
18 |
122 |
55 |
48 |
38 |
19 |
123 |
3 |
48 |
37 |
20 |
123 |
2 |
48 |
37 |
21 |
123 |
1 |
48 |
37 |
22 |
123 |
0 |
48 |
37 |
23 |
122 |
59 |
48 |
37 |
24 |
122 |
58 |
48 |
37 |
25 |
122 |
57 |
48 |
37 |
26 |
122 |
56 |
48 |
37 |
27 |
123 |
5 |
48 |
36 |
28 |
123 |
4 |
48 |
36 |
29 |
123 |
3 |
48 |
36 |
30 |
123 |
2 |
48 |
36 |
31 |
123 |
1 |
48 |
36 |
32 |
123 |
0 |
48 |
36 |
33 |
122 |
59 |
48 |
36 |
34 |
122 |
58 |
48 |
36 |
35 |
123 |
4 |
48 |
35 |
36 |
123 |
3 |
48 |
35 |
37 |
123 |
2 |
48 |
35 |
38 |
123 |
1 |
48 |
35 |
39 |
123 |
0 |
48 |
35 |
40 |
122 |
59 |
48 |
35 |
41 |
123 |
2 |
48 |
34 |
42 |
123 |
1 |
48 |
34 |
43 |
123 |
0 |
48 |
34 |
Two resamples were performed on this data. Overall RMS was 0.0595 and individual RMS ranged from 0.04 to 0.12. Relative to the majority of tiffs, all the non-San Juan Islands tiffs, these values are significantly higher. This is due to the San Juan tiffs having come from sid files and having a much higher resolution. The RMS is in pixels. Two points, 2 and 3, that had RMS values among the highest and that were well outside mapping extent were removed. This did not improve individual RMS values significantly, but because overall RMS was reduced some this resample was maintained for the final tiff.
Several factors that can introduce error into the registration process include:
References:
Daniels, R. C. and R.H. Huxford. 2001.
An error assessment of vector data derived from scanned National Ocean Service
topographic sheets. Journal of Coastal Research 17: 611 – 619.
Patton,
R.S., 1999. Datum Differences: Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coast of the
United States. U.S. Department of
Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington D.C. (Original
publication: 1936)
Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Planar:
Grid_Coordinate_System:
Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
UTM_Zone_Number: 10
Transverse_Mercator:
Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.000000
Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000
False_Easting: 500000.000000
False_Northing: 0.000000
Planar_Coordinate_Information:
Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column
Coordinate_Representation:
Abscissa_Resolution: 2.000000
Ordinate_Resolution: 2.000000
Planar_Distance_Units: meters
Geodetic_Model:
Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1927
Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866
Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.400000
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.978698
Resource_Description: Downloadable Data
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20020723
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Brian Collins, Amir Sheikh
Contact_Organization:
Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing address
Address: Department of Earth and Space Sciences
Address: Box 351310
Address: University of Washington
City: Seattle
State_or_Province: WA
Postal_Code: 98195
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 616-6584
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (206) 543-0489
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bcollins@u.washington.edu
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: asheikh@u.washington.edu
Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
Metadata_Time_Convention: local time