T-2229; Sheet No. 8, Topography of Washington Sound, Wash, Orcas Shaw and Other Islands, 1895

Metadata:

Identification_Information
Data_Quality_Information
Spatial_Reference_Information
Distribution_Information
Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Puget Sound River History Project

Originator: Department of Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351310

Originator: Seattle, WA 98195

Publication_Date: 10/01/03

Title: T-2229; Sheet No. 8, Topography of Washington Sound, Wash, Orcas Shaw and Other Islands, 1895

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map

Abstract:

Georeferenced United States Coast & Geodetic Survey Topographic Sheet T-2229; Sheet No. 8, Topography of Washington Sound, Wash, Orcas Shaw and Other Islands, 1895; Scale: 1:10,000; Surveyor: J. J. Gilbert

Supplemental_Information: For a comprehensive historical and technical review of the production and interpretation of early Coast & Geodetic Survey T-sheets please refer to Shalowitz, A.L. 1964. Shore and Sea Boundaries, Volumes 2. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, DC. This publication is available online at https://chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov/hsd/shallow.htm

Time_Period_of_Content: 1895

Time_Period_Information: 1895

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 1895

Currentness_Reference: 1895

Status:

Progress: Complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword: T-sheets

Theme_Keyword: Coastal Survey

Theme_Keyword: Land Cover

Theme_Keyword: Historical

Theme_Keyword: United States Coast and Geodetic Survey

Place:

Place_Keyword: Washington State

Place_Keyword: Puget Sound

Stratum:

Stratum_Keyword: Near Shore

Stratum_Keyword: Coast

Temporal:

Temporal_Keyword: 1895

Access_Constraints:

This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.

https://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu

Use_Constraints:

This georeferenced image may be freely downloaded and used. Please give credit to the Puget Sound River History Project, University of Washington.

https://riverhistory.ess.washington.edu

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Brian Collins, Amir Sheikh

Contact_Organization:

Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: Department of Earth and Space Sciences

Address: Box 351310

Address: University of Washington

City: Seattle

State_or_Province: WA

Postal_Code: 98195

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 616-6584

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (206) 543-0489

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: bcollins@u.washington.edu

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: asheikh@u.washington.edu

Data_Quality_Information:

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: 11 meters (using 20 reliable benchmarks)

The t-sheet matches well with the DRG along much of the coastline. The largest noticeable discrepancies were on the order of 20 meters, but this was in localized and less reliable places. Good edge matching with T2231.

To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, benchmarks located on the T-sheets were compared to published NGS benchmarks that were retraceable to the time of the surveyed T-sheet. (Published NGS benchmark information is located at https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/datasheet.prl). Only benchmarks that could be established with a high degree of certainty that existed at the time of the original T-sheet survey and were not remounted were used in the final accuracy measurement. If no current benchmarks exist or if the benchmarks have been remounted in relation to the benchmarks on the T-sheet, hard points (areas that would expect little change since the original surveys) were used to give a general indicator of the T-sheet’s registration accuracy in lieu of a more rigorous method. Thus these hard point measurements must be viewed with some caution. It should be stressed that the accuracy assessment was to check the accuracy of the overall registration process, not necessarily the accuracy of the survey itself.

NOTE: Measured distances are rounded to the nearest meter. The hand-drawn representations of benchmarks on the T-sheets are often up to 10 meters in width. To assess an independent check of the accuracy of the registration process, the measured distance is from the NGS-published coordinates to the perceived middle of the benchmark depicted on the T-sheet. In addition, the overall shape of the benchmark symbol is sometimes obscured by other symbology on the T-sheet. Thus, there is a certain level of uncertainty introduced due to the ambiguous location of the benchmark on the T-sheet.

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Twenty-six datasheets were found matching benchmarks noted on this t-sheet. One of these datasheets was for a lighthouse visible on the map but monumented in 1940 – the nearby benchmark as noted on the map did not have a datasheet. Five others were mounumented after t-sheet production. The others were all monumented in 1897 – the same year as the mapping. So the average horizontal positional accuracy for the other 20 benchmarks is 10.595 meters.

Station Name	PID	Current Survey Control NAD83		Error Distance
Station Name	PID	Longitude	Latitude	Error Distance
DICK 2	TR2234	123 03 15.14843	48 37 06.47935	18.6
JONES RESET	TR2236	123 03 02.11034	48 36 43.26458	13.6
SPRING	TR2239	123 02 19.33534	48 36 38.16276	11.3
VIEW 1894	TR2240	123 02 17.79244	48 36 43.66898	9.7
FAIRVIEW RESET	TR2216	123 01 50.17760	48 37 27.45521	9.2
LAUREL 1894	TR2207	123 01 23.89329	48 36 33.70164	11.5
WEDGE RESET	TR2229	123 00 35.69594	48 36 50.73312	11.4
DEER RESET	TR2103	123 00 00.44519	48 36 58.23518	17.5
TABLE RESET	TR2107	122 59 30.35685	48 36 19.17865	12.3
POLE PASS LIGHT	TR2100	122 59 25.51023	48 36 06.18405	14.1
STONE RESET	TR2072	122 58 43.07170	48 35 58.58169	19.5
DOUBLE 1894	TR2094	122 58 18.84596	48 36 32.26448	6.3
VICTIM RESET	TR2069	122 58 28.51124	48 36 50.05448	5.1
BAY 1894	TR2081	122 59 02.08066	48 37 19.26919	5.6
DAISY RESET	TR2133	122 59 10.53170	48 38 17.68843	6.4
SPLIT 1894	TR2135	122 58 08.82109	48 37 45.56517	9.4
BUSH 1894	TR2142	122 57 28.70343	48 37 37.57326	-
ROOT 1894	TR2080	122 57 22.06730	48 37 02.41730	5.7
GOLDEN 1894	TR2084	122 57 17.57082	48 36 28.24378	10.3
RAG 1894	TR2085	122 57 12.00176	48 36 10.66415	10.8
BROKEN RESET	TR2108	122 58 00.08991	48 35 42.76454	12.2
WASP PASSAGE	TR2068	122 58 36.46393	48 35 42.44905	4
NARROW 1894	TR2102	122 59 15.53297	48 35 30.09698	11.4
NECK RESET	TR2224	123 00 45.05556	48 35 13.18712	6
LEAD RESET	TR2214	123 00 59.57417	48 34 48.98933	18
EGG 2	TR2105	122 59 56.93441	48 34 42.37840	5.1

Lineage:

Technician: Joanna Marsolek

Date: 9-25-03

Process_Step:

Process_Description: The georeferencing of T-sheets in the Puget Sound region was funded by the Puget Sound Nearshore Project (PSNERP) https://www.pugetsoundnearshore.org/

Scanned images were obtained from University of Washington Libraries at https://www.wsulibs.wsu.edu/holland/masc/sanjuanindex.html

The methodology used to georeference the T-sheets was modified from the previous work of Jennifer Burke (NOAA) in the Lower Columbia and Daniels et al (2001). The georeferencing and error assessment process were carried out using Erdas Imagine 8.6 and ArcGIS 8.3. For additional information concerning the georeferencing method please refer to: https://rocky2.ess.washington.edu/riverhistory/tsheets.php

Datum Shift:

Most T-sheets do not have a current datum represented on them (i.e. NAD 27, NAD 83). Graticules (tics) marking Latitude and Longitude in the early local Puget Sound Datum (PSD) and a later update to North American Datum (NAD) projection are most often present. To calculate the X, Y shift from NAD to NAD 27, X and Y values were used from datum difference tables for survey stations around most of Puget Sound (Patton, 1999). An overall datum shift was determined for the area covered by the T-sheet by averaging the shift from a number of survey stations in or nearby that area represented on the T-sheet.

The following survey stations were used to calculate the datum shift:

Morse Island, 1894

Maple, 1894

Lawrence, 1854

Obstruction, 1854

Registration:

For georeferencing, tics were used only surrounding areas that depicted nearshore features on the T-sheet. This was mainly done to hasten the overall process due to the magnitude of the scope of the project while maintaining the best control around areas of interest. The sheets were then rectified using a 1^st order polynomial transformation. Points that produced relatively high RMS values, as well as tic points that consistently fell outside of 4.5 meters (on a 1:10,000 scale T-sheet) of their projected UTM coordinates were omitted.

The following tic marks were used for georeferencing the initial resample:

	Longitude		Latitude
	deg	min	deg	min
1	123	0	48	40
2	122	59	48	40
3	122	58	48	40
4	122	57	48	40
5	123	1	48	39
6	123	0	48	39
7	122	59	48	39
8	122	58	48	39
9	122	57	48	39
10	122	56	48	39
11	123	2	48	38
12	123	1	48	38
13	123	0	48	38
14	122	59	48	38
15	122	58	48	38
16	122	57	48	38
17	122	56	48	38
18	122	55	48	38
19	123	3	48	37
20	123	2	48	37
21	123	1	48	37
22	123	0	48	37
23	122	59	48	37
24	122	58	48	37
25	122	57	48	37
26	122	56	48	37
27	123	5	48	36
28	123	4	48	36
29	123	3	48	36
30	123	2	48	36
31	123	1	48	36
32	123	0	48	36
33	122	59	48	36
34	122	58	48	36
35	123	4	48	35
36	123	3	48	35
37	123	2	48	35
38	123	1	48	35
39	123	0	48	35
40	122	59	48	35
41	123	2	48	34
42	123	1	48	34
43	123	0	48	34

Two resamples were performed on this data. Overall RMS was 0.0595 and individual RMS ranged from 0.04 to 0.12. Relative to the majority of tiffs, all the non-San Juan Islands tiffs, these values are significantly higher. This is due to the San Juan tiffs having come from sid files and having a much higher resolution. The RMS is in pixels. Two points, 2 and 3, that had RMS values among the highest and that were well outside mapping extent were removed. This did not improve individual RMS values significantly, but because overall RMS was reduced some this resample was maintained for the final tiff.

Several factors that can introduce error into the registration process include:

The accuracy of the graticules and projection lines drawn on the map.

Non-uniform shrinkage of the original map due to age and storage conditions.

Distortion caused by the scanning process.

Loss of resolution and distortion due to image compression.

Ability of the technician to identify appropriate survey stations that correspond to the area of the T-sheet to compute the datum shift.

Ability of the technician to identify and locate appropriate tics on the T-sheet for the transformation.

The geometric transformation method employed.

References:

Daniels, R. C. and R.H. Huxford. 2001. An error assessment of vector data derived from scanned National Ocean Service topographic sheets. Journal of Coastal Research 17: 611 – 619.

Patton, R.S., 1999. Datum Differences: Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coast of the United States. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington D.C. (Original publication: 1936)

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Planar:

Grid_Coordinate_System:

Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator

Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

UTM_Zone_Number: 10

Transverse_Mercator:

Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600

Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.000000

Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000

False_Easting: 500000.000000

False_Northing: 0.000000

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column

Coordinate_Representation:

Abscissa_Resolution: 2.000000

Ordinate_Resolution: 2.000000

Planar_Distance_Units: meters

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1927

Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866

Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.400000

Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.978698

Distribution_Information:

Resource_Description: Downloadable Data

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20020723

Metadata_Contact: